Another group of microbes is nitrogenfixing bacteria, which are potent microbial inoculates now universally used for growth promotion of plants. The commercial biofertilizer was obtained from tarumitrabiofertilizers procured from tarumitra center, east boring canal road. Moreover, studies on the interactions between plant, soil, and the different. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria pgpr the group of bacteria that colonize roots or rhizosphere soil and beneficial to crops are referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria pgpr.
Soil fertility challenges and biofertiliser as a viable. However, there is a gap between the mode of action mechanism of the pgpr for plant growth and the role of the pgpr as biofertilizer thus the importance of nanoencapsulation technology in improving the efficacy of pgpr. Invitro cultures of specific microbes are selected for the preparation of biofertilizers to fulfill the specific nutrient. Abstract with the ongoing adverse effects of using chemical fertilizers to both the plants, human and animal life, it has become imperative to seek an alternative to this menace. Nbutanol, also produced by microbes, is useful in the manufacturing of plasticizers, brake fluids, extractants and petrol additives. This enzyme helps to convert atmospheric nitrogen to the nitrates, nitrites, amino acids and supply to the plants. Currently, a huge number of biofertilizer based on symbiotic relationship between plant and microbes have been widely used in agriculture as a sustainable alternative of synthetic fertilizer kumar et al. Each microbes used in this experiment were prepared ahead before treatment. As more and more growers realize the benefits of biofertilizers, the market for microorganisms in farming will continue to expand. There are many bacteria species that act as pgpr, described in the literature as successful for improving plant growth. Mass cultivation of microbial inoculants biofertilizers. A zolla is used as biofertilizer for wetland rice and it is known to contribute 4060 kg nha per rice crop. Growth on congo red yeast extract mannitol agar medium. A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the.
These inoculants are commonly available in the market. Microorganisms that are commonly used as biofertilizer components include. With daybyday increasing the population, especially in developing countries like india, the stress on agriculture is also increasing continuously. Sueo machi, the fnca coordinator of japan the proper feeding of the rapidly growing populations in developing countries is the most important challenge for mankind. Handbook of microbial biofertilizers kansas state university. Rhizobium was the first isolated from various cultivated legumes and this was followed by extensive research by gangulee, sarkaria and madhok on the physiology of the nodule bacteria along.
The sterilized soil was used as control wherever applicable. Overall, the use of biofertilizers worldwide continues to grow. Competition among the microorganisms for limited nutrient resources. Microbes as biofertilizers definition, examples, diagrams. A microbe from the group of bacteria is often referred to as. Microbial functions newly suggested as biofertilizer numerous species of soil bacteria which flourish in the rhizosphere of plants, but which may grow in, on, or around plant tissues, stimulate plant growth. Other examples of bacteria that act as biofertilizers include azospirillum and azotobacter. Selective pressure on the microbial populations in the rhizosphere leading to an increase in the number of microorganisms with antagonistic popetiesproperties. However, further research warrant to develop in vitro synergistic formulation of using microbial consortia under diverse stress.
Biofertilizer is a biotic constituent of specific microbial cells which when applied, stimulates plant growth by accelerating the rate of nutrient release through nitrogen fixation, phosphorus cycle etc 1. Biofertilizer has been identified as an alternative to chemical fertilizer to increase. Technologies for beneficial microorganisms inocula used as. One of the major advantages of biofertilizers is the reduced cost and the reduction in the use of other chemicals. Mass cultivation of rhizobia, azotobacter and azospirillum is discussed below. Microbial fermentation for many years, man has worked to improve agricultural productivity by taking advantage of the work of millions of soil microbes. In this way, soil organic matter is increased and can be used by heterotrophic organisms as substrates to grow. These microbes also degrade silicates and aluminum silicates. Department of biotechnology, utkal university, bhubaneswar751004, odisha, india. Being economic and environmental friendly, biofertilizers can be used in crop production for better yield. Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing microbes from agricultural soil t.
Paper open access application of arbuscular mycorrhizal. H afeez a, sumera y asmin, dini a riani b, mehbooburr ahman, yusuf z afar a, kauser a. The latter belong to a wide array of genera, classes, and phyla, ranging from bacteria to yeasts and fungi, which can support plant nutrition with different mechanisms. Soil microbiology division, central rice research institute, cuttack753006, odisha, india. N and adeniyi racheal odunayo microbiology unit,department of pure and applied biology,ladoke akintola university of technologyy,pmb ogbomosho, oyo state nigeria. Glycerol is widely used in both medicines and the food industry, while mannitol is used in research and butanol is used both as a solvent and in explosives. Five isolates showing high values in nitrogen fixation of r.
Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing. The fungus used in this experiment is a product of arbuscular mycorrhizae biofertilizer biovam which have packed as commercial lipi product. International journal of current microbiology and applied. The latter belong to a wide array of genera, classes, and phyla, ranging from bacteria to yeasts and fungi, which. The bacteria were grown in the broth media normally used for mass production and incubated by shaking according to the propose age. The microorganisms which act as biofertilizers are bacteria, cyanobacteria blue green algae and mycorrhizal fungi. In such situation, biofertilizer can be the best alternative for enhancing soil fertility. First, because increase in the use of fertilizers leads to increased crop productivity, second, because increased usage of chemical fertilizer leads to damage in soil texture and raises other environmental problems. Introdution a biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the. Types of biofertilizers used in agriculture organic farming. These microbes act as biofertilizers as they stimulate plant growth by improving nutrient availability. Microbial biofertilizers and their potential in sustainable agriculture. Compost biofertilizers are those which make use of the animal dung to enrich the soil with useful microorganisms and nutrients. They can be used for any types of the crops for example.
The results showed that the isolate rz11 was the highest efficient isolate of r. Therefore, certain measures are adopted to increases number of such bacteria in soil which may increase the gross yield of nitrogen. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria psb are being used as biofertilizer since 1950s kudashev, 1956. The term biofertilizer can generally be defined as preparation containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solublising or cellulolytic microorganisms used. The use of rhizobium cultures in legume crops is increasing day by day to sustain agricultural productivity. These microbes can be cultivated on a large scale and made to produce important biofertilizers, to assist plant growth. Example of microorganisms use as biofertilizer includes rhizobium, azospirillum and phosphobacteria provide nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients to crop. Zn solubilizing bacteria can be used as biofertilizer for. In this article we will discuss about the production of various biofertilizers. Advantages of biofertilizers benefits of biofertilizers. Acetobacter, rhizobium and other biofertilizers can use phosphotika for any crop type. Groups of microbes that are often used are the microbes that fix nitrogen from the air, which dissolves microbial nutrient especially p and k, the microbes that stimulate plant growth. Bacteria biofertilizer bacteria biofertilizers are the most common types of biofertilizers.
Effect on the quantity and quality of root exudates. Therefore, the use of biofertilizer is both economical and environment friendly. M alik a national institute for biotechnology and genetic engineering nibge, po box 577, jhang road, faisalabad 38000, pakistan. The increasing need for environmentaly friendly agricultural practices is driving the use of fertilizers based on beneficial microorganisms. This definition separates biofertilizer from organic fertilizer containing organic matter.
Azotobacter is usually used with crops like cotton, wheat, mustard, maize, etc. Culturing of microorganismsstarter culture and inoculum production 2. The bacterial isolate from gangetic soil namely s1 c was used as nutrient broth. Microorganisms used for the biofertilizer are bacteria of. How to make your own natural fertilizer center for. Now that you have the full glimpses of what biofertilizer looks like, we can now proceed to the different types of biofertilizers used in agriculture. The use of biofertilizers leads to improved nutrients and water uptake, plant. Although many bacteria can be used beneficially as a biofertilizer the technique of mass production is standardizedfor rhizobium, azospirillum, azotobacter and phosphobacteria. Release of p by psb from insoluble and fixed adsorbed forms is an import aspect regarding p availability in soils. Plant growthpromoting bacteria as biofertilizer fauzia y.
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria psb have the potential to enhance phosphateinduced immobilization of metals to remediate contaminated soil. Organisms that are commonly used as biofertilizers component are nitrogen fixers. However, there is a limit on the amount of phosphate which can be added to the environment due to the issue of eutrophication. Other microbes often used in biofertilizer are the microbial growth stimulant7. Biofertilizer bacteria many freeliving and symbiotic bacteria are discussed in biological nitrogen fixation which fixes atmospheric n 2. Bio fertilizers are microbial inoculants consisting of living cells of. Inside the nodule, bacteria releases enzyme called as nitrogenase. Role of azotobacter in soil fertility and sustainabilitya. Symbiotic associations exist between plants and fungi too.
Biofertilizer mass cultivation of microbial inoculants bacteria to be inoculated in soil as biofertilizer need to be multiplied on artificial media to harvest on a large scale so that it can be supplied to farmers. A biofertilizer also biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. The microbes used here are silicate and zinc solubilizer bacterial species. Microbial inoculants include plant growth promoting. There are strong evidences that soil bacteria are capable of transforming soil p to the forms available to plant. History of biofertilizer use in india in india, systematic study on biofertilizers was started by n.
339 1129 769 1516 827 643 1104 1093 495 149 625 526 1213 789 124 904 842 352 1084 856 284 620 841 403 1282 1141 731 1157 580 700 1253 245